Diagnosis and Treatment of Dystonia.
Neurol Clin. 2015 Feb;33(1):77-100
Authors: Jinnah HA, Factor SA
Abstract
The dystonias are a group of disorders characterized by excessive involuntary muscle contractions leading to abnormal postures and/or repetitive movements. A careful assessment of the clinical manifestations is helpful for identifying syndromic patterns that focus diagnostic testing on potential causes. If a cause is identified, specific etiology-based treatments may be available. In most cases, a specific cause cannot be identified, and treatments are based on symptoms. Treatment options include counseling, education, oral medications, botulinum toxin injections, and several surgical procedures. A substantial reduction in symptoms and improved quality of life is achieved in most patients by combining these options.
PMID: 25432724 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]