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Gram-negative bacterial endocarditis in adults: state-of-the-heart.
Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2010 Aug;8(8):879-85
Authors: Raza SS, Sultan OW, Sohail MR
Gram-negative endocarditis due to HACEK bacteria (Haemophilus species, Actinobacillus, Cardiobacterium, Eikenella and Kingella species) and non-HACEK organisms is an infrequent occurrence but is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Traditionally, non-HACEK Gram-negative endocarditis has been associated with injection drug use. However, emerging data from more contemporary cohorts suggest changing epidemiology and risk factors for Gram-negative endocarditis, necessitating an updated review of this subject. Moreover, optimal management, including the need for surgical intervention, and strategies for the prevention of Gram-negative endocarditis need to be revisited.
PMID: 20695743 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]