Previous Antibiotic Exposure and Antimicrobial Resistance in Invasive Pneumococcal Disease: Results from Prospective Surveillance.

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Previous Antibiotic Exposure and Antimicrobial Resistance in Invasive Pneumococcal Disease: Results from Prospective Surveillance.

Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Jun 27;

Authors: Kuster SP, Rudnick W, Shigayeva A, Green K, Baqi M, Gold WL, Lovinsky R, Muller M, Powis J, Rau N, Simor A, Walmsley S, Low DE, McGeer A, for the Toronto Invasive Bacterial Diseases Network

Abstract
BACKGROUND:  Estimating the risk of antibiotic resistance is important in selecting empiric antibiotics. We asked how the timing, number of courses, and duration of antibiotic therapy in the previous three months affected antibiotic resistance in isolates causing invasive pneumococcal disease.
METHODS:  We conducted prospective surveillance for invasive pneumococcal disease in Toronto, Canada from 2002-2011. Antimicrobial susceptibility was measured by broth microdilution. Clinical information, including prior antibiotic use, was collected by chart review and interview with patients and prescribers.
RESULTS:  Clinical information and antimicrobial susceptibility were available for 4,062 (90%) episodes; 1,193 (29%) of episodes were associated with receipt of 1,782 antibiotic courses in the prior three months. Selection for antibiotic resistance was class specific. Time elapsed since most recent antibiotic was inversely associated with resistance (cephalosporins adjusted OR per day, 0.98; 0.96-1.00; P=.02; macrolides OR, 0.98; 0.96-0.99; P=.005; penicillins OR (log(days)), 0.62; 0.44-0.89; P=.009; fluoroquinolones profile penalized-likelihood OR (log(days)), 0.62; 95% CI, 0.39-1.04; P=.07). Risk of resistance after exposure declined most rapidly for fluoroquinolones and penicillins and reached baseline in 2-3 months. The decline in resistance was slowest for macrolides, and in particular for azithromycin. There was no significant association between duration of therapy and resistance for any antibiotic class. Too few patients received multiple courses of the same antibiotic class to assess the significance of repeat courses.
CONCLUSIONS:  Time elapsed since last exposure to a class of antibiotics is the most important factor predicting antimicrobial resistance in pneumococci. The duration of effect is longer for macrolides than other classes.

PMID: 24973312 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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