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Comorbidities and Systemic Effects of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.
Clin Chest Med. 2014 Mar;35(1):101-130
Authors: Choudhury G, Rabinovich R, Macnee W
Abstract
Although primarily a lung disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is now recognized to have extrapulmonary effects on distal organs, the so-called systemic effects and comorbidities of COPD. Skeletal muscle dysfunction, nutritional abnormalities including weight loss, cardiovascular complications, metabolic complications, and osteoporosis, among others, are all well-recognized associations in COPD. These extrapulmonary effects add to the burden of mortality and morbidity in COPD and therefore should be actively looked for, assessed, and treated.
PMID: 24507840 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]